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Species suitable for Forest Restoration

Here is a curated list of all our species.

This database is a resource for curating and propagating plant species for forest restoration. In general, only native species of local provenance are used for forest restoration, particularly in nature reserves. Some non-native plants are included as they are commonly available in commercial nurseries. Many of these exotic plants are prized for their looks or desirable qualities such as attracting butterflies, and hence are commonly found in our local gardens. Despite this, most exotic plants are not suitable for forest restoration for various reasons. To match suitable plant species to different restoration sites, we have also compiled the relevant ecological information here.

Also included in the database are photographs of seeds and seedlings. While there are many other awesome resources useful for plant identification, these typically focus on adult plants. However, the young plants often look very different. This makes identification of seeds and seedlings in the field difficult. With this database, hopefully the collection of seeds/seedlings (with a permit!) for propagation in our nurseries can be more efficient.

A list of our references can be found here.

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By default, all species in the database are displayed. Toggle the switch above to view only species that are commonly used in forest restoration.

Actinodaphne malaccensis
Malacca Star Laurel
Lauraceae
Native
Adinandra dumosa
Tiup-tiup
Pentaphylacaceae
Native
Alpinia aquatica
Aquatic Ginger
Zingiberaceae
Native
Alstonia angustifolia
Pulai Penipu Paya
Apocynaceae
Native
Alstonia angustiloba
Common Pulai
Apocynaceae
Native
Anisophyllea disticha
Mousedeer Tree
Anisophylleaceae
Native
Anisoptera megistocarpa
Mersawa Merah
Dipterocarpaceae
Native
Aphanamixis polystachya
Pasak Lingga
Meliaceae
Native
Aporosa benthamiana
Crescent Tree
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Aporosa globifera
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Aquilaria malaccensis
Malayan Eaglewood Tree
Thymelaeaceae
Native
Archidendron clypearia
Greater Grasshopper Tree
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Native
Archidendron contortum
Lesser Grasshopper Tree
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Native
Artabotrys suaveolens
Annonaceae
Native
Artocarpus elasticus
Terap
Moraceae
Native
Artocarpus hispidus
Moraceae
Native
Baccaurea motleyana
Rambai
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Baccaurea parviflora
Setambun
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Beilschmiedia madang
BeilschmiedÕs Medang
Lauraceae
Native
Bouea oppositifolia
Plum Mango
Anacardiaceae
Native
Bridelia tomentosa
Kenidai
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Callicarpa longifolia
Long Leaved Beauty Berry
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Native
Calophyllum ferrugineum
Calophyllaceae
Native
Calophyllum pulcherrimum
Bintangor Gasing
Calophyllaceae
Native
Calophyllum teysmannii
TeysmannÕs bintangor
Calophyllaceae
Native
Campnosperma auriculatum
Terentang
Anacardiaceae
Native
Campylospermum serratum
Native
Carallia brachiata
Corkwood
Rhizophoraceae
Native
Caryota mitis
Fishtail Palm
Arecaceae
Native
Champereia manillana
False Olive
Opiliaceae
Native
Cheilocostus globosus
Asian Spiral Ginger
Costaceae
Native
Cinnamomum iners
Wild Cinnamon
Lauraceae
Native
Cleistanthus malaccensis
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Clerodendrum disparifolium
Bridal Veil
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Native
Clerodendrum villosum
Chapaneng
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Native
Cratoxylum formosum
Pink Mempat
Hypericaceae
Native
Dillenia suffruticosa
Simpoh Air
Dilleniaceae
Native
Dimocarpus lichi
Mata Kucing
Sapindaceae
Native
Diospyros lanceifolia
Common Malayan Ebony
Ebenaceae
Native
Discospermum malaccense
Gading-Gading
Rubiaceae
Native
Dyera costulata
Jelutong
Apocynaceae
Native
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus
Rusty Oil Fruit
Elaeocarpaceae
Native
Elaeocarpus polystachyus
Elaeocarpaceae
Native
Endocomia canarioides
Myristicaceae
Native
Endospermum diadenum
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Ficus aurata
Yellow Hairy Fig
Moraceae
Native
Ficus fistulosa
Common Yellow Stem-Fig
Moraceae
Native
Ficus grossularioides
White-leafed Fig
Moraceae
Native
Ficus heteropleura
Sandy-Leafed Fig
Moraceae
Native
Ficus virens
Grey Fig
Moraceae
Native
Garcinia parvifolia
Wild Yellow Kandis
Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Native
Garcinia scortechinii
Clusiaceae
Native
Gironniera nervosa
Kasap
Cannabaceae
Native
Glochidion obscurum
Phyllanthaceae
Native
Gluta wallichii
Rengas
Anacardiaceae
Native
Guioa pubescens
Sapindacae
Native
Hopea mengarawan
Merawan Penak
Dipterocarpaceae
Native
Horsfieldia irya
Pianggu
Myristicaceae
Native
Horsfieldia polyspherula
Myristicaceae
Native
Ilex cymosa
Marsh Holly
Aquifoliaceae
Native
Ixonanthes icosandra
Pagar Anak Merah
Ixonanthaceae
Native
Ixonanthes reticulata
Ten Men Tree
Ixonanthaceae
Native
Ixora congesta
Ixora
Rubiaceae
Native
Ixora javanica
Javanese Ixora
Rubiaceae
Native
Ixora lobbii
Glossy Ixora
Rubiaceae
Native
Kopsia singapurensis
Singapore Kopsia
Apocynaceae
Native
Leea indica
Common Tree Vine
Vitaceae
Native
Leea rubra
Red Tree Shurb
Vitaceae
Native
Litsea elliptica
Medang
Lauraceae
Native
Litsea ridleyi
Lauraceae
Native
Litsea umbellata
Blue Laurel
Lauraceae
Native
Macaranga bancana
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Macaranga conifera
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Macaranga gigantea
Mahang Gajah
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Macaranga heynei
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Macaranga hypoleuca
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Mallotus paniculatus
Turn-in-the-wind
Euphorbiaceae
Native
Melastoma malabathricum
Singapore Rhododendron
Melastomataceae
Native
Morella esculenta
Myricaceae
Native
Nauclea officinalis
Rubiaceae
Native
Nothaphoebe umbelliflora
Medang Losa
Lauraceae
Native
Palaquium gutta
Gutta percha
Sapotaceae
Native
Palaquium obovatum
Nyatoh Puteh
Sapotaceae
Native
Pellacalyx axillaris
Abu-abu air
Rhizophoraceae
Native
Ploiarium elegans
Cicada Tree
Bonnetiaceae
Native
Prunus polystachya
Bat's Laurel
Rosaceae
Native
Rhodamnia cinerea
Silver Back Tree
Myrtaceae
Native
Sandoricum koetjape
Sentul
Meliaceae
Native
Scyphiphora hydrophylacea
Chengam
Rubiaceae
Native
Selaginella willdenowii
Willdenow's Spikemoss
Selaginellaceae
Native
Shorea curtisii
Seraya
Dipterocarpaceae
Native
Shorea leprosula
Lampong
Dipterocarpaceae
Native
Sindora wallichii
Sindur
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Native
Sloetia elongata
Tempinis
Moraceae
Native
Sterculia cordata
Kelumpang
Malvaceae
Native
Sterculia macrophylla
Broad-leaved Sterculia
Malvaceae
Native
Sterculia parviflora
Common Sterculia
Malvaceae
Native
Strombosia javanica
Bayam Badak
Olacaceae
Native
Syzygium borneense
Bullate Eugenia
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium cerasiforme
Common Kelat
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium grande
Sea Apple
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium leucoxylon
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium polyanthum
Indonesian Bayleaf
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium syzygioides
Kelat Hitam
Myrtaceae
Native
Syzygium zeylanicum
Spicate Eugenia
Myrtaceae
Native
Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum
Berlukat
Lamiaceae
Native
Terminalia catappa
Sea Almond
Combretaceae
Native
Timonius wallichianus
Silver Timon
Rubiaceae
Native
Vitex pinnata
Leban
Lamiaceae
Native
Willughbeia edulis
Aguh Gitan
Apocynaceae
Native
Xylopia malayana
Kayu Tapis
Annonaceae
Native
Zingiber singapurense
Zingiberaceae
Native
Information has been compiled from the following sources and their references:

National Parks Board (2022). Flora Fauna Web (https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb).

Ng, F. S. P., & Whitmore, T. C. (1972). Tree flora of Malaya: a manual for foresters.

Slik JWF (2022). Plants of Southeast Asia. (https://asianplant.net).

S. Lindsay, D.J. Middleton, B.C. Ho, K.Y. Chong, I.M. Turner, Ali Ibrahim, M. Alonso-García, W.F. Ang, P.S. Ashton, P. Athen, S. Atkins, Bazilah Ibrahim, H.J. Beentje, C.M. Boo, P.C. Boyce, G.L.C. Bramley, S. Buerki, M.W. Callmander, S. Chantanaorrapint ... K.B.H. Er (2022) Flora of Singapore: Checklist and bibliography. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 74(Suppl. 1): 3-860. doi: 10.26492/gbs74(suppl.1).2022-01

  • All photographs presented here belong to the communtiy nurseries team.
  • All rights belong to the original owners.