Terrestrial (Secondary Rainforest, Riverine, Disturbed Area / Open Ground). Locally common in deciduous and evergreen forest, mostly in open, often very disturbed or burned places, in ravines and on dry sites like plateaus, ridges and slopes, in thickets, and along rivers and roadsides; on a large variety of soil types, like basalt, clay, granite, laterite, limestone, loam, rocky, sandy, ultrabasic, and volcanic. Altitude: sea level up to 1800 m.
Distribution in Singapore
Distribution worldwide
India, Bangladesh, South China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and northeast Australia
Flowering and fruiting
In Thailand, flowers September to November and fruits one week later.
Pang, C. C., Ma, X. K. K., Hung, T. T. H., & Hau, B. C. H. (2018). Early ecological succession on landslide trails, Hong Kong, China. Ecoscience, 25(2), 153-161.
