In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp and keranga forests up to 600 m altitude. On hillsides and ridges with sandy to clay soils. Also in swampy areas. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant. Can be found in maturing secondary forests to primary forests. . In Singapore mainly found in lowland forest and some swampy areas; its regeneration
has been observed in secondary woodland dominated by Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (Fabaceae) off Holland Road.
Southern China, Indo-China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Central- and East-Kalimantan).
Flowering and fruiting
Dispersal
Wildlife interactions
Light conditions
Soil conditions
Water
Remarks
able to establish in shade
Additional references
Ho, B. C., Lua, H. K., Ibrahim, B., Yeo, R. S. W., Athen, P., Leong, P. K. F., ... & Middleton, D. J. (2019). The plant diversity in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore. GBS., 71(suppl. 1), 41-144. Metcalfe, D. J., & Turner, I. M. (1998). Soil seed bank from lowland rain forest in Singapore: canopy-gap and litter-gap demanders. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14(01), 103Ð108. doi:10.1017/s0266467498000091. Metcalfe, D.J., Grubb, P.J. & Turner, I.M. (1998). The ecology of very small-seeded shade-tolerant trees and shrubs in lowland rain forest in Singapore. Plant Ecology 134, 131Ð149. Middleton, D.J., Leong-?korni?kov‡, J. & Lindsay, S. (ed.). 2019. Flora of Singapore, Volume 13. Singapore: National Parks Board. x + 654 pp.
