In disturbed, open sites in mixed dipterocarp forest. Very common in secondary forests and scrub. Often found along roads and on hillsides on sandy to clay soils. It has a very broad ecological range occurring from lowland coastal and swampy areas, to c. 800-1000 m. It is one of the earliest colonists of degraded land, but can also be found in large forest gaps within primary forest.
Distribution in Singapore
Distribution worldwide
Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo
Flowering and fruiting
In Malaysia, flowering occurs at the beginning of wet months in September, fruiting occurs during the wet months from October to December, ripening in December.\
Dispersal
Biotic (Fauna)
Wildlife interactions
Seeds dispersed by birds and/or bats, and mammals.
Light conditions
Full sun
Soil conditions
Water
Remarks
Additional references
Shono, K., Davies, S. J., & Kheng, C. Y. (2006). Regeneration of native plant species in restored forests on degraded lands in Singapore. Forest Ecology and Management, 237(1-3), 574-582. Wang, K. H., & Hamzah, M. Z. (2019). Annual wood formation of tropical pioneer species related to stem diameters. Journal of wood science, 65(1), 1-12.
