In disturbed sites within mixed dipterocarp and swamp forests, but most common in secondary forests and scrub up to 1100 m altitude. Common along roadsides, riversides, hillsides and ridges. Also found on limestone.
Distribution in Singapore
Distribution worldwide
Andaman Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi.
Flowering and fruiting
Dispersal
Biotic (Fauna)
Wildlife interactions
Seeds dispersed by birds and/or bats.
Light conditions
Soil conditions
Water
Remarks
Additional references
Shono, K., Davies, S. J., & Kheng, C. Y. (2006). Regeneration of native plant species in restored forests on degraded lands in Singapore. Forest Ecology and Management, 237(1-3), 574-582.
