Terrestrial (Secondary Rainforest, Grassland / Savannah/ Scrubland, Disturbed Area / Open Ground, Mountain). It is a pioneer species frequently found in wastelands and secondary forests. It can tolerate poor soil. In open sites in mixed dipterocarp (large gaps), coastal, and sub-montane, forests up to 2700 m altitude, but most common in heavily degraded forests. Often along roads and in clearings. Common along rivers, on hillsides and on ridges.
Distribution in Singapore
Distribution worldwide
Indian Ocean, China, Taiwan, south and Southeast Asia (including Singapore), Australia, and the south Pacific. Tropical Asia and the Pacific. In Borneo collected in Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, South- and East-Kalimantan.
