Terrestrial (Primary Rainforest, Mountain, Secondary Rainforest, Coastal Forest), Shoreline (Mangrove Forest, Sandy Beach). Widely distributed in lowlands, swamps, and occasionally hill forests. In undisturbed mixed dipterocarp, keranga, and swamp forests up to 800 m altitude. Usually on alluvial sites (swamps) and near or along rivers and streams, but also common on hillsides and ridges. On sandy to clay soils, also on ultramafic. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant.
Distribution in Singapore
Distribution worldwide
From Madagascar to India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, south China, Southeast Asia, Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor), Borneo, Singapore, to Australia and Solomon Islands
It is propagated by seed or terminal branch cuttings. Seeds need to be germinated immediately as their viability decreases rapidly. In Tropical Asia, fresh seeds have a viability of 45% to almost 100% within 1Ð3.5 months. Seedlings should also be planted in the nursery for two years after which, they may be transplanted to semi-shaded sites as they are sensitive to drought, and shade-tolerant.
